If you're an employee with equity compensation such as stock options or restricted stock units (RSUs), you may face challenges when trying to sell your company stock while complying with insider trading regulations. A 10b5-1 trading plan can provide a structured, compliant way to sell your shares while protecting you from insider trading allegations. This guide explains what these plans are, how they work, and when you might want to use one.
What is a 10b5-1 Plan?
A 10b5-1 plan is a written agreement that provides a safe harbor from insider trading liability under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act. It allows corporate insiders to establish a predetermined plan to sell company stock even when they may later come into possession of material nonpublic information (MNPI).
Key Benefits
- Legal Protection: Creates an affirmative defense against insider trading allegations
- Flexibility in Trading: Enables trading during blackout periods
- Reduced Reputation Risk: Demonstrates planned, systematic selling rather than opportunistic trades
- Peace of Mind: Removes emotion from trading decisions
When Should You Consider a 10b5-1 Plan?
You might benefit from a 10b5-1 plan if:
- You regularly receive equity compensation as part of your compensation package
- You have access to material nonpublic information about your company
- You want to diversify your portfolio in a systematic way
- You need to meet specific financial obligations (e.g., paying for a child's education)
- You want to avoid trading during blackout periods
Plan Requirements
To establish a valid 10b5-1 plan, you must:
- Enter the plan when you are not aware of MNPI
- Specify the amount, price, and timing of trades in advance
- Relinquish subsequent influence over how, when, or whether to execute trades
- Enter the plan in good faith and not as part of a scheme to evade insider trading prohibitions
Example Trading Strategies
Here are common approaches to structuring your 10b5-1 plan:
Example 1: Fixed Schedule Sales
- Amount: Sell 1,000 shares
- Timing: First trading day of each quarter
- Price: Market price at time of execution
- Duration: 2 years
Example 2: Price-Triggered Sales
- Amount: Sell 500 shares
- Timing: When stock price reaches $50 per share
- Frequency: Maximum once per month
- Duration: 1 year
Example 3: Percentage-Based Sales
- Amount: Sell 10% of vested RSUs
- Timing: Within 5 trading days after each vesting date
- Price: Limit order at 95% of previous day's closing price
- Duration: Until all currently scheduled RSUs are vested
Best Practices
Cooling-Off Period
- Wait at least 30 days between plan establishment and first trade
- Some companies require longer cooling-off periods (60-90 days)
Plan Duration
- Typically 12-24 months
- Avoid plans shorter than 6 months to demonstrate good faith
Modification and Termination
- Avoid frequent modifications
- Consider including predetermined criteria for early termination
- Document all changes and reasons
Documentation
- Keep detailed records of plan establishment
- Maintain copies of all modifications
- Document your non-awareness of MNPI when establishing the plan
Implementation Process
Initial Setup
- Consult with your financial advisor and legal counsel
- Review your company's specific trading policies
- Choose appropriate trading parameters
Company Approval
- Submit plan to your company's legal department
- Obtain necessary approvals from compliance officers
- Review any company-specific requirements
Broker Setup
- Select a broker experienced with 10b5-1 plans
- Complete necessary documentation
- Establish monitoring procedures
Potential Pitfalls to Avoid
Overlapping Plans
- Avoid having multiple active plans
- Can appear as attempting to circumvent trading restrictions
Frequent Modifications
- Changes may invalidate good faith establishment
- Could attract regulatory scrutiny
Insufficient Documentation
- Maintain clear records of all decisions and changes
- Document rationale for plan parameters
Complex Trading Formulas
- Keep trading instructions clear and simple
- Avoid conditions that could appear manipulative
Recent Regulatory Changes
The SEC has implemented new rules affecting 10b5-1 plans:
Mandatory Cooling-Off Periods
- Directors and officers: Minimum 90 days
- Other insiders: Minimum 30 days
Plan Limitations
- Prohibition on multiple overlapping plans
- Good faith certification requirement
- Enhanced disclosure requirements
Example Scenarios
Scenario 1: Executive with Regular Equity Grants
Background:
- Senior VP of Marketing
- Quarterly RSU grants
- Regular access to MNPI
Plan Structure:
- Sell 25% of newly vested shares quarterly
- Execute trades 5 days after earnings release
- 2-year duration
- Minimum price threshold: 90% of grant date price
Scenario 2: Employee Planning for Major Expense
Background:
- Software Engineer
- Significant RSU position
- Child starting college in 18 months
Plan Structure:
- Sell 1,000 shares monthly
- Market price execution
- 18-month duration
- Proceeds directed to 529 college savings plan
A well-designed 10b5-1 plan can provide both legal protection and peace of mind when trading company stock. The key is to establish clear, documented trading parameters when you don't possess MNPI and then let the plan execute automatically. Always consult with legal and financial advisors to ensure your plan meets both regulatory requirements and your personal financial goals. Remember that while this guide provides general information, your specific situation may require additional considerations. Always consult with appropriate professional advisors before establishing a 10b5-1 plan.