Performance Stock Units (PSUs) represent a sophisticated form of equity compensation that ties reward to company performance. This guide explains how PSUs work, their key features, and important considerations for employees.
What Are Performance Stock Units?
PSUs are a form of equity compensation where the actual number of shares awarded depends on achieving specific performance goals over a designated period. Unlike traditional Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) which only have time-based vesting, PSUs add an additional performance-based component.
Key Components of PSU Awards
Performance Metrics: Common performance measures include:
Financial Metrics
Operational Metrics
- Market Share
- Customer Satisfaction Scores
- Product Launch Milestones
- Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Goals
Performance Periods
- Typical periods range from 1-3 years
- Longer periods align with long-term strategic goals
- Multiple overlapping performance periods may run simultaneously
Performance-to-Share Conversion
Most PSU plans include three key achievement levels:
- Threshold (minimum performance required for any payout)
- Target (expected performance level)
- Maximum (ceiling for exceptional performance)
Example Payout Structure:
- Below Threshold: 0% of target PSUs
- At Threshold: 50% of target PSUs
- At Target: 100% of target PSUs
- At Maximum: 200% of target PSUs
Real-World PSU Examples
Example 1: TSR-Based PSUs: A senior manager receives 1,000 target PSUs with a three-year performance period:
Performance Metric: Relative TSR vs. Peer Group
- Below 25th percentile: 0 shares
- 25th percentile: 500 shares
- 50th percentile: 1,000 shares
- 75th percentile or above: 2,000 shares
Example 2: Multiple Metrics: An executive receives 2,000 target PSUs with the following structure:
50% Based on Revenue Growth:
- Below 5% growth: 0 shares
- 5% growth: 500 shares
- 10% growth: 1,000 shares
- 15% growth: 2,000 shares
50% Based on Operating Margin:
- Below 15%: 0 shares
- 15%: 500 shares
- 20%: 1,000 shares
- 25%: 2,000 shares
Tax Considerations
Grant Date
Vesting Date
- Taxed as ordinary income when shares vest
- Value based on actual number of shares received
- Tax basis established for future capital gains
Sale of Shares
- Additional capital gains/losses on post-vesting appreciation
- Holding period for long-term capital gains begins at vesting
Advantages of PSUs
Performance Alignment
- Direct link between pay and company performance
- Incentivizes achievement of strategic goals
- Promotes long-term value creation
Upside Potential
- Opportunity for above-target awards
- Participation in company growth
- Market appreciation potential
Risk Management
- No purchase cost
- Downside limited to opportunity cost
- More predictable than stock options
Challenges and Considerations
Performance Measurement
- Metrics may be complex or opaque
- External factors can impact achievement
- Goals may become obsolete during performance period
Valuation Complexity
- Difficult to estimate future value
- Multiple variables affect outcomes
- May complicate financial planning
Career Planning
- Impact of termination/resignation
- Treatment during corporate transactions
- International assignment considerations
Best Practices for PSU Recipients
Understanding Your Award: Document Review:
Financial Planning: Modeling Scenarios:
- Below threshold outcomes
- Target achievement
- Maximum payout potential
- Tax implications under each scenario
Monitoring Progress: Track Regularly:
- Company performance updates
- Peer group performance
- Market conditions
- Strategic plan execution
Risk Management: Diversification Strategies:
- Balance with other compensation elements
- Consider hedging strategies when permitted
- Plan for various outcome scenarios
Special Situations
Corporate Transactions
- Treatment of in-flight awards
- Performance goal adjustments
- Assumption by acquiring company
Employment Changes
- Impact of voluntary termination
- Rights upon involuntary termination
- Retirement eligibility provisions
- Death and disability provisions
Communication and Reporting
Regular Updates
- Performance progress reports
- Estimated payout tracking
- Peer group performance
- Market context
Documentation Requirements
- Award agreements
- Plan documents
- Performance certifications
- Tax records
PSUs represent a sophisticated form of equity compensation that can provide significant value while aligning employee and shareholder interests. Understanding the mechanics, monitoring performance, and planning for various outcomes are crucial for maximizing their benefit. Recipients should regularly review their awards, stay informed about company performance, and consider seeking professional advice for tax and financial planning.